Nkhani - Tchati cha kulemera kwa chitoliro cha ASTM A53 Plain-End

Kulemera kwa chitoliro chachitsulo ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakupanga uinjiniya ndi kuwerengera bajeti, kotero kuti deta yolondola yolemera sikuti imangothandiza kuonetsetsa kuti kukhazikika kwadongosolo ndi chitetezo kumakhudzanso ndalama zakuthupi ndi zoyendera.

Kenako, nkhaniyi mwatsatanetsatane matebulo kulemera kwaChithunzi cha ASTM A53Plain-End chitsulo chitoliro ndikukambirana momwe mungawerengere kulemera kwake kwa chitoliro potengera makulidwe osiyanasiyana ndi makulidwe a khoma.

tchati cholemera cha chitoliro -ASTM A53/A53M

Mabatani Oyenda

Chithunzi cha ASTM A53
Mawerengedwe a Kunenepa
Tchati cha kulemera kwa chitoliro cha ASTM A53
Zifukwa Zofala Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mapaipi Adongosolo
Tchati cha Kulemera kwa Chitoliro cha ASTM A53 Chophatikiza ndi Chophatikizana
Ndandanda 40 ya ASTM A53 Plain-End Pipe
Ndandanda 80 ya ASTM A53 Plain-End Pipe

Chithunzi cha ASTM A53

Chithunzi cha ASTM A53ndi muyeso wogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri wa chitoliro cha chitsulo cha carbon, chopangidwa ndi ASTM (American Society for Testing and Equipment).Muyezo uwu umatchula zofunikira zaukadaulo wa chitoliro chachitsulo chosasunthika komanso chosakanizira, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ponyamula mpweya, nthunzi, madzi, ndi madzi ena komanso zolinga zina.Chifukwa cha magwiridwe ake odalirika komanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwakukulu, yakhala chinthu chofunikira pama projekiti ambiri a uinjiniya.

Magawo akuluakulu ogwiritsira ntchito ndi kayendedwe ka madzi, nyumba, ndi zomangira, mafakitale amafuta ndi gasi, kumanga makina, ndi makina otenthetsera ndi kuziziritsa.

Mawerengedwe a Kunenepa

Kuwerengeka pogwiritsa ntchito kulemera kwa formulaASME B36.10M.

Tchati cha kulemera kwa chitoliro cha ASTM A53

Table X2.2 mu ASTM A53 mowerengera imakonza tchati cholemera cha chitoliro cha Plain-End Pipe.

Tchati Cholemera cha Chitoliro -ASTM A53/A53M X2.2 pdf

NPS	DN	Kunja Diameter		Makulidwe a Khoma		Plain End Misa		kulemera Kalasi	Ndandanda Ayi.
NPS	DN	IN	MM	IN	MM	lb/ft	kg/m	kulemera Kalasi	Ndandanda Ayi.
1/8	6	0.405	10.3	0.068	1.73	0.24	0.37	Matenda a STD	40
1/8	6	0.405	10.3	0.095	2.41	0,31	0.47	XS	80
1/4	8	0.540	13.7	0.088	2.24	0.43	0.63	Matenda a STD	40
1/4	8	0.540	13.7	0.119	3.02	0.54	0.80	XS	80
3/8	10	0.675	17.1	0.091	2.31	0.57	0.84	Matenda a STD	40
3/8	10	0.675	17.1	0.126	3.20	0.74	1.10	XS	80
1/2	15	0.840	21.3	0.109	2.77	0.85	1.27	Matenda a STD	40
1/2	15	0.840	21.3	0.147	3.73	1.09	1.62	XS	80
1/2	15	0.840	21.3	0.188	4.78	1.31	1.95		160
1/2	15	0.840	21.3	0.294	7.47	1.72	2.55	XXS
3/4	20	1.050	26.7	0.113	2.87	1.13	1.69	Matenda a STD	40
3/4	20	1.050	26.7	0.154	3.91	1.48	2.20	XS	80
3/4	20	1.050	26.7	0.219	5.56	1.95	2.90		160
3/4	20	1.050	26.7	0.308	7.82	2.44	3.64	XXS
1	25	1.315	33.4	0.133	3.38	1.68	2.50	Matenda a STD	40
1	25	1.315	33.4	0.179	4.55	2.17	3.24	XS	80
1	25	1.315	33.4	0.250	6.35	2.85	4.24		160
1	25	1.315	33.4	0.382	9.70	5.22	7.77	XXS
1 1/2	40	1.900	48.3	0.145	3.68	2.72	4.05	Matenda a STD	40
1 1/2	40	1.900	48.3	0.200	5.08	3.63	5.41	XS	80
1 1/2	40	1.900	48.3	0.281	7.14	4.86	7.25		160
1 1/2	40	1.900	48.3	0.400	10.16	6.41	9.56	XXS
2	50	2.375	60.3	0.154	3.91	3.66	5.44	Matenda a STD	40
2	50	2.375	60.3	0.218	5.54	5.03	7.48	XS	80
2	50	2.375	60.3	0.344	8.74	7.47	11.11		160
2	50	2.375	60.3	0.436	11.07	9.04	13.44	XXS
2 1/2	65	2.875	73.0	0.203	5.16	5.80	8.63	Matenda a STD	40
2 1/2	65	2.875	73.0	0.276	7.01	7.67	11.41	XS	80
2 1/2	65	2.875	73.0	0.375	9.52	10.02	14.90		160
2 1/2	65	2.875	73.0	0.552	14.02	13.71	20.39	XXS
3	80	3.500	88.9	0.125	3.18	4.51	6.72
3	80	3.500	88.9	0.156	3.96	5.58	8.29
3	80	3.500	88.9	0.188	4.78	6.66	9.92
3	80	3.500	88.9	0.216	5.49	7.58	11.29	Matenda a STD	40
3	80	3.500	88.9	0.250	6.35	8.69	12.93
3	80	3.500	88.9	0.281	7.14	9.67	14.40
3	80	3.500	88.9	0.300	7.62	10.26	15.27	XS	80
3	80	3.500	88.9	0.438	11.13	14.34	21.35		160
3	80	3.500	88.9	0.600	15.24	18.60	27.68	XXS
3 1/2	90	4.000	101.6	0.125	3.18	5.18	7.72
3 1/2	90	4.000	101.6	0.156	3.96	6.41	9.53
3 1/2	90	4.000	101.6	0.188	4.78	7.66	11.41
3 1/2	90	4.000	101.6	0.226	5.74	9.12	13.57	Matenda a STD	40
3 1/2	90	4.000	101.6	0.250	6.35	10.02	14.92
3 1/2	90	4.000	101.6	0.281	7.14	11.17	16.63
3 1/2	90	4.000	101.6	0.318	8.08	12.52	18.63	XS	80
4	100	4.500	114.3	0.125	3.18	5.85	8.71
4	100	4.500	114.3	0.156	3.96	7.24	10.78
4	100	4.500	114.3	0.188	4.78	8.67	12.91
4	100	4.500	114.3	0.219	5.56	10.02	14.91
4	100	4.500	114.3	0.237	6.02	10.80	16.07	Matenda a STD	40
4	100	4.500	114.3	0.250	6.35	11.36	16.90
4	100	4.500	114.3	0.281	7.14	12.67	18.87
4	100	4.500	114.3	0.312	7.92	13.97	20.78
4	100	4.500	114.3	0.337	8.56	15.00	22.32	XS	80
4	100	4.500	114.3	0.438	11.13	19.02	28.32		120
4	100	4.500	114.3	0.531	13.49	22.53	33.54		160
4	100	4.500	114.3	0.674	17.12	27.57	41.03	XXS
5	125	5.563	141.3	0.156	3.96	9.02	13.41
5	125	5.563	141.3	0.188	4.78	10.80	16.09
5	125	5.563	141.3	0.219	5.56	12.51	18.61
5	125	5.563	141.3	0.258	6.55	14,63	21.77	Matenda a STD	40
5	125	5.563	141.3	0.281	7.14	15.87	23.62
5	125	5.563	141.3	0.312	7.92	17.51	26.05
5	125	5.563	141.3	0.344	8.74	19.19	28.57
5	125	5.563	141.3	0.375	9.52	20.80	30.94	XS	80
5	125	5.563	141.3	0.500	12.70	27.06	40.28		120
5	125	5.563	141.3	0.625	15.88	32.99	49.11		160
5	125	5.563	141.3	0.750	19.05	38.59	57.43	XXS
6	150	6.625	168.3	0.188	4.78	12.94	19.27
6	150	6.625	168.3	0.219	5.56	15.00	22.31
6	150	6.625	168.3	0.250	6.35	17.04	25.36
6	150	6.625	168.3	0.280	7.11	18.99	28.26	Matenda a STD	40
6	150	6.625	168.3	0.312	7.92	21.06	31.32
6	150	6.625	168.3	0.344	8.74	23.10	34.39
6	150	6.625	168.3	0.375	9.52	25.05	37.28
6	150	6.625	168.3	0.432	10.97	28.60	42.56	XS	80
6	150	6.625	168.3	0.562	14.27	36.43	54.20		120
6	150	6.625	168.3	0.719	18.26	45.39	67.56		160
6	150	6.625	168.3	0.864	21.95	53.21	79.22	XXS
8	200	8.625	219.1	0.188	4.78	16.96	25.26
8	200	8.625	219.1	0.203	5.16	18.28	27.22
8	200	8.625	219.1	0.219	5.56	19.68	29.28
8	200	8.625	219.1	0.250	6.35	22.38	33.31		20
8	200	8.625	219.1	0.277	7.04	24.72	36.31		30
8	200	8.625	219.1	0.312	7.92	27.73	41.24
8	200	8.625	219.1	0.322	8.18	28.58	42.55	Matenda a STD	40
8	200	8.625	219.1	0.344	8.74	30.45	45.34
8	200	8.625	219.1	0.375	9.52	33.07	49.20
8	200	8.625	219.1	0.406	10.31	35.67	53.08		60
8	200	8.625	219.1	0.438	11.13	38.33	57.08
8	200	8.625	219.1	0.500	12.70	43.43	64.64	XS	80
8	200	8.625	219.1	0.594	15.09	51.00	75.92		100
8	200	8.625	219.1	0.719	18.26	60.77	90.44		120
8	200	8.625	219.1	0.812	20.62	67.82	100.92		140
8	200	8.625	219.1	0.875	22.22	72.49	107.88	XXS
8	200	8.625	219.1	0.906	23.01	74.76	111.27		160
10	250	10.75	273	0.188	4.78	21.23	31.62
10	250	10.75	273	0.203	5.16	22.89	34.08
10	250	10.75	273	0.219	5.56	24.65	36.67
10	250	10.75	273	0.250	6.35	28.06	41.75		20
10	250	10.75	273	0.279	7.09	31.23	46.49
10	250	10.75	273	0.307	7.80	34.27	51.01		30
10	250	10.75	273	0.344	8.74	38.27	56.96
10	250	10.75	273	0.365	9.27	40.52	60.29	Matenda a STD	40
10	250	10.75	273	0.438	11.13	48.28	71.87
10	250	10.75	273	0.500	12.70	54.79	81.52	XS	60
10	250	10.75	273	0.594	15.09	64.49	95.97		80
10	250	10.75	273	0.719	18.26	77.10	114.70		100
10	250	10.75	273	0.844	21.44	89.38	133.00		120
10	250	10.75	273	1.000	25.40	104.23	155.09	XXS	140
10	250	10.75	273	1.125	28.57	115.75	172.21		160
12	300	12.75	323.8	0.203	5.16	27.23	40.55
12	300	12.75	323.8	0.219	5.56	29.34	43.63
12	300	12.75	323.8	0.250	6.35	33.41	49.71		20
12	300	12.75	323.8	0.281	7.14	37.46	55.75
12	300	12.75	323.8	0.312	7.92	41.48	61.69
12	300	12.75	323.8	0.330	8.38	43.81	65.18		30
12	300	12.75	323.8	0.344	8.74	45.62	67.90
12	300	12.75	323.8	0.375	9.52	49.61	73.78	Matenda a STD
12	300	12.75	323.8	0.406	10.31	53.57	79.70		40
12	300	12.75	323.8	0.438	11.13	57.65	85.82
12	300	12.75	323.8	0.500	12.70	65.48	97.43	XS
12	300	12.75	323.8	0.562	14.27	73.22	108.92		60
12	300	12.75	323.8	0.688	17.48	88.71	132.04		80
12	300	12.75	323.8	0.844	21.44	107.42	159.86		100
12	300	12.75	323.8	1.000	25.40	125.61	186.91	XXS	120
12	300	12.75	323.8	1.125	28.57	139.81	208.00		140
12	300	12.75	323.8	1.312	33.32	160.42	238.68		160
14	350	14	355.6	0.210	5.33	30.96	46.04
14	350	14	355.6	0.219	5.56	32.26	47.99
14	350	14	355.6	0.250	6.35	36.75	54.69		10
14	350	14	355.6	0.281	7.14	41.21	61.35
14	350	14	355.6	0.312	7.92	45.65	67.90		20
14	350	14	355.6	0.344	8.74	50.22	74.76
14	350	14	355.6	0.375	9.52	54.62	81.25	Matenda a STD	30
14	350	14	355.6	0.438	11.13	63.50	94.55		40
14	350	14	355.6	0.469	11.91	67.84	100.94
14	350	14	355.6	0.500	12.70	72.16	107.39	XS
14	350	14	355.6	0.594	15.09	85.13	126.71		60
14	350	14	355.6	0.750	19.05	106.23	158.10		80
14	350	14	355.6	0.938	23.83	130.98	194.96		100
14	350	14	355.6	1.094	27.79	150.93	224.65		120
14	350	14	355.6	1.250	31.75	170.37	253.56		140
14	350	14	355.6	1.406	35.71	189.29	281.70		160
14	350	14	355.6	2.000	50.80	256.56	381.83
14	350	14	355.6	2.125	53.97	269.76	401.44
14	350	14	355.6	2.200	55.88	277.51	413.01
14	350	14	355.6	2.500	63.50	307.34	457.40
16	400	16	406.4	0.219	5.56	36.95	54.96
16	400	16	406.4	0.250	6.35	42.09	62.64		10
16	400	16	406.4	0.281	7.14	47.22	70.30
16	400	16	406.4	0.312	7.92	52.32	77.83		20
16	400	16	406.4	0.344	8.74	57.57	85.71
16	400	16	406.4	0.375	9.52	62.64	93.17	Matenda a STD	30
16	400	16	406.4	0.438	11.13	72.86	108.49
16	400	16	406.4	0.469	11.91	77.87	115.86
16	400	16	406.4	0.500	12.70	82.85	123.30	XS	40
16	400	16	406.4	0.656	16.66	107.60	160.12		60
16	400	16	406.4	0.844	21.44	136.74	203.53		80
16	400	16	406.4	1.031	26.19	164.98	245.56		100
16	400	16	406.4	1.219	30.96	192.61	286.64		120
16	400	16	406.4	1.438	36.53	223.85	333.19		140
16	400	16	406.4	1.594	40.49	245.48	365.35		160
18	450	18	457	0.250	6.35	47.44	70.60		10
18	450	18	457	0.281	7.14	53.23	79.24
18	450	18	457	0.312	7.92	58.99	87.75		20
18	450	18	457	0.344	8.74	64.93	96.66
18	450	18	457	0.375	9.52	70.65	105.10	Matenda a STD
18	450	18	457	0.406	10.31	76.36	113.62
18	450	18	457	0.438	11.13	82.23	122.43		30
18	450	18	457	0.469	11.91	87.89	130.78
18	450	18	457	0.500	12.70	93.54	139.20	XS
18	450	18	457	0.562	14.27	104.76	155.87		40
18	450	18	457	0.750	19.05	138.30	205.83		60
18	450	18	457	0.938	23.83	171.08	254.67		80
18	450	18	457	1.156	29.36	208.15	309.76		100
18	450	18	457	1.375	34.92	244.37	363.64		120
18	450	18	457	1.562	39.67	274.48	408.45		140
18	450	18	457	1.781	45.24	308.79	459.59		160
20	500	20	508	0.250	6.35	52.78	78.55		10
20	500	20	508	0.281	7.14	59.23	88.19
20	500	20	508	0.312	7.92	65.66	97.67
20	500	20	508	0.344	8.74	72.28	107.60
20	500	20	508	0.375	9.52		78.67	Matenda a STD	20
20	500	20	508	0.406	10.31	84.04	126.53
20	500	20	508	0.438	11.13	91.59	136.37
20	500	20	508	0.469	11.91	97.92	145.70
20	500	20	508	0.500	12.70	104.23	155.12	XS	30
20	500	20	508	0.594	15.09	123.23	183.42		40
20	500	20	508	0.812	20.62	166.56	247.83		60
20	500	20	508	1.031	26.19	209.06	311.17		80
20	500	20	508	1.281	32.54	256.34	381.53		100
20	500	20	508	1.500	38.10	296.65	441.49		120
20	500	20	508	1.750	44.45	341.41	508.11		140
20	500	20	508	1.969	50.01	379.53	564.81		160
24	600	24	610	0.250	6.35	63.47	94.46		10
24	600	24	610	0.281	7.14	71.25	106.08
24	600	24	610	0.312	7.92	79.01	117.51
24	600	24	610	0.344	8.74	86.99	129.50
24	600	24	610	0.375	9.52	94.71	140.88	Matenda a STD	20
24	600	24	610	0.406	10.31	102.40	152.37
24	600	24	610	0.438	11.13	110.32	164.26
24	600	24	610	0.469	11.91	117.98	175.54
24	600	24	610	0.500	12.70	125.61	186.94	XS
24	600	24	610	0.562	14.27	140.81	209.50		30
24	600	24	610	0.688	17.48	171.45	255.24		40
24	600	24	610	0.938	23.83	231.25	344.23
24	600	24	610	0.969	24.61	238.57	355.02		60
24	600	24	610	1.219	30.96	296.86	441.78		80
24	600	24	610	1.531	38.89	367.74	547.33		100
24	600	24	610	1.812	46.02	429.79	639.58		120
24	600	24	610	2.062	52.37	483.57	719.63		140
24	600	24	610	2.344	59.54	542.64	807.63		160
26	650	26	660	0.250	6.35	68.82	102.42
26	650	26	660	0.281	7.14	77.26	115.02
26	650	26	660	0.312	7.92	85.68	127.43		10
26	650	26	660	0.344	8.74	94.35	140.45
26	650	26	660	0.375	9.52	102.72	152.80	Matenda a STD
26	650	26	660	0.406	10.31	111.08	165.28
26	650	26	660	0.438	11.13	119.69	178.20
26	650	26	660	0.469	11.91	128.00	190.46
26	650	26	660	0.500	12.70	136.30	202.85	XS	20
26	650	26	660	0.562	14.27	152.83	227.37

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kulemera kwa chitoliro chachitsulo sichidzapitirira ± 10% ya kulemera kwake.

Zifukwa Zofala Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mapaipi Adongosolo

Kugawikana kwa ndondomeko ya mipope yachitsulo kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, makamaka chifukwa imapereka dongosolo lokhazikika kuti lizindikire makulidwe a khoma ndi kunja kwa mapaipi kuti atsimikizire ubwino ndi chitetezo cha ntchito zaumisiri.

Ndondomeko ya chitoliro imathandizira kuti kamangidwe kake kakhale kosavuta, kuonetsetsa kuti mapaipi opangidwa ndi opanga osiyanasiyana amagwirizana, kuchepetsa ndalama zopangira, kutengera zovuta zosiyanasiyana zogwirira ntchito ndi malo, komanso kuvomerezedwa ndi mayiko ambiri, zomwe zikuthandizira kukhazikitsidwa kwa ntchito zamakono ndi zinthu padziko lonse lapansi.

Tchati cha Kulemera kwa Chitoliro cha ASTM A53 Chophatikiza ndi Chophatikizana

Tchati cha Kulemera kwa Chitoliro cha ASTM A53 cha X2.3 cha Chitoliro Chophatikiza ndi Chitoliro.

Ndandanda 40 ya ASTM A53 Plain-End Pipe

Zomwe zili mugawoli zikuchokera ku ASTM A530, Table X2.2, Weights of Steel Pipe Ends with Flat Ends, zomwe ndizofanana ndi zomwe zili muASME B36.10M.

NPS	DN	Kunja Diameter		Makulidwe a Khoma		Plain End Misa		eyiti Kalasi	Ndandanda Ayi.
NPS	DN	IN	MM	IN	MM	lb/ft	kg/m	eyiti Kalasi	Ndandanda Ayi.
1/8	6	0.41	10.30	0.07	1.73	0.24	0.37	Matenda a STD	40
1/4	8	0.54	13.70	0.09	2.24	0.43	0.63	Matenda a STD	40
3/8	10	0.68	17.10	0.09	2.31	0.57	0.84	Matenda a STD	40
1/2	15	0.84	21.30	0.11	2.77	0.85	1.27	Matenda a STD	40
3/4	20	1.05	26.70	0.11	2.87	1.13	1.69	Matenda a STD	40
1	25	1.32	33.40	0.13	3.38	1.68	2.50	Matenda a STD	40
1 1/2	40	1.900	48.3	0.15	3.68	2.72	4.05	Matenda a STD	40
2	50	2.375	60.3	0.15	3.91	3.66	5.44	Matenda a STD	40
2 1/2	65	2.875	73.0	0.20	5.16	5.80	8.63	Matenda a STD	40
3	80	3.500	88.90	0.22	5.49	7.58	11.29	Matenda a STD	40
3 1/2	90	4.000	101.60	0.23	5.74	9.12	13.57	Matenda a STD	40
4	100	4.500	114.30	0.24	6.02	10.80	16.07	Matenda a STD	40
5	125	5.56	141.30	0.26	6.55	14,63	21.77	Matenda a STD	40
6	150	6.63	168.30	0.28	7.11	18.99	28.26	Matenda a STD	40
8	200	8.63	219.10	0.32	8.18	28.58	42.55	Matenda a STD	40
10	250	10.75	273.00	0.37	9.27	40.52	60.29	Matenda a STD	40
12	300	12.75	323.80	0.406	10.31	53.57	79.70		40
14	350	14.00	355.60	0.44	11.13	63.50	94.55		40
16	400	16.00	406.40	0.500	12.70	82.85	123.30	XS	40
18	450	18.00	457.00	0.56	14.27	104.76	155.87		40
20	500	20.00	508.00	0.59	15.09	123.23	183.42		40
24	600	24.00	610.00	0.69	17.48	171.45	255.24		40

Ndandanda 80 ya ASTM A53 Plain-End Pipe

NPS	DN	Kunja Diameter		Makulidwe a Khoma		Plain End Misa		eyiti Kalasi	Ndandanda Ayi.
NPS	DN	IN	MM	IN	MM	lb/ft	kg/m	eyiti Kalasi	Ndandanda Ayi.
1/8	6	0.405	10.3	0.095	2.41	0,31	0.47	XS	80
1/4	8	0.54	13.7	0.119	3.02	0.54	0.80	XS	80
3/8	10	0.675	17.1	0.126	3.20	0.74	1.10	XS	80
1/2	15	0.84	21.3	0.147	3.73	1.09	1.62	XS	80
3/4	20	1.05	26.7	0.154	3.91	1.48	2.20	XS	80
1	25	1.315	33.4	0.179	4.55	2.17	3.24	XS	80
1 1/2	40	1.900	48.3	0.200	5.08	3.63	5.41	XS	80
2	50	2.375	60.3	0.218	5.54	5.03	7.48	XS	80
2 1/2	65	2.875	73.0	0.276	7.01	7.67	11.41	XS	80
3	80	3.500	88.9	0.300	7.62	10.26	15.27	XS	80
3 1/2	90	4.000	101.6	0.318	8.08	12.52	18.63	XS	80
4	100	4.500	114.3	0.337	8.56	15.00	22.32	XS	80
5	125	5.563	141.3	0.375	9.52	20.80	30.94	XS	80
6	150	6.625	168.3	0.432	10.97	28.60	42.56	XS	80
8	200	8.625	219.1	0.500	12.70	43.43	64.64	XS	80
10	250	10.75	273	0.594	15.09	64.49	95.97		80
12	300	12.75	323.8	0.688	17.48	88.71	132.04		80
14	350	14	355.6	0.750	19.05	106.23	158.10		80
16	400	16	406.4	0.844	21.44	136.74	203.53		80
18	450	18	457	0.938	23.83	171.08	254.67		80
20	500	20	508	1.031	26.19	209.06	311.17		80
24	600	24	610	1.219	30.96	296.86	441.78		80

Ndife apamwamba welded mpweya zitsulo chitoliro wopanga ndi katundu kuchokera China, komanso msokonezo zitsulo chitoliro stockist, kukupatsani osiyanasiyana zitsulo chitoliro njira!

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Nthawi yotumiza: Mar-05-2024